An enumeration is a distinct type whose value is restricted to a range of values, which may include several explicitly named constants ("enumerators"). The values of the constants are values of an integral type known as the underlying type of the enumeration.
如果1个变量只有几种可能的值，可以定义为枚举(enumeration)类型。所谓”枚举”是指将变量的值逐一罗列出来，变量的值只能在罗列出来的值的范围内。声明枚举类型用enum开头。
枚举类型(enumeration)是C++中的1种派生数据类型，它是由用户定义的若干枚举常量的集合：
(1)、枚举中每一个成员(标识符)结束符是“,”，不是”;”，最后1个成员可省略”,”；
(2)、初始化时可以赋负数，以后的标识符仍顺次加1；
(3)、枚举变量只能取枚举说明结构中的某个标识符常量；
(4)、在外部，可以对枚举变量进行赋值，但，需要进行类型转换；
(5)、未辨别范围的枚举常数可以隐式转换为int，但是int不可以隐式转换为枚举值；
(6)、将为枚举中的每一个名称分配1个整数值，该值与其在枚举中的顺序相对应，默许情况下，为第1个值分配0，为下1个值分配1，顺次类推，但可以显示设置枚举名称的值；
(7)、为名称指定的值没必要是唯1的，即各枚举常量的值可以重复；
(8)、在C语言中，枚举类型名包括关键字enum，在C++中允许不写enum，1般也不写enum，但保存了C的用法；
(9)、枚举元素作为常量，它们是有值的，C++编译按定义时的顺序对它们赋值为0,1,2,3,…。也能够在声明枚举类型时另行指定枚举元素的值；
(10)、枚举值可以用来作判断比较；
(11)、1个整数不能直接赋给1个枚举变量；
(12)、once enumerators are defined, their value can't be changed in program.
下面是从其他文章中copy的测试代码，详细内容介绍可以参考对应的reference：
enum.hpp：
#ifndef FBC_MESSY_TEST_ENUM_HPP_
#define FBC_MESSY_TEST_ENUM_HPP_
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
typedef short int16_t;
// reference: http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/C++Enum.html
class Day
{
public:
enum Enum
{
sunday = 0,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday,
saturday,
InvalidDay
};
// Constructors
Day(void);
Day(Enum ee);
explicit Day(const std::string& ss);
// Overloaded assignment operators
Day& operator = (const Day& cc);
Day& operator = (const std::string& ss);
Day& operator = (Enum ee);
// Overloaded comparison operators
bool operator< (const Day& cc) const;
bool operator< (Enum ee) const;
bool operator<= (const Day& cc) const;
bool operator<= (Enum ee) const;
bool operator> (const Day& cc) const;
bool operator> (Enum ee) const;
bool operator>= (const Day& cc) const;
bool operator>= (Enum ee) const;
bool operator== (const Day& cc) const;
bool operator== (const std::string& ss) const;
bool operator== (const Enum ee) const;
bool operator!= (const Day& cc) const;
bool operator!= (const std::string& ss) const;
bool operator!= (const Enum ee) const;
// Accessor functions
inline std::string getString(void) const;
inline Enum getEnum(void) const;
inline int getValue(void) const;
private:
// Static functions
static Enum fromString(std::string ss);
static std::string toString(Enum ee);
static int toValue(Enum ee);
// Data members
Enum m_enum;
std::string m_string;
int m_value;
};
inline std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& _os, const Day& _e)
{
_os << _e.getString();
return _os;
}
inline std::string Day::getString(void) const
{
return m_string;
}
Day::Enum Day::getEnum(void) const
{
return m_enum;
}
int Day::getValue(void) const
{
return m_value;
}
int test_enum1();
int test_enum2();
int test_enum3();
int test_enum4();
int test_enum5();
int test_enum6();
#endif // FBC_MESSY_TEST_ENUM_HPP_
enum.cpp：
#include "enum.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/enum
// enum that takes 16 bits
enum smallenum : int16_t {
a,
b,
c
};
// color may be red (value 0), yellow (value 1), green (value 20), or blue (value 21)
enum color {
red,
yellow,
green = 20,
blue
};
// altitude may be altitude::high or altitude::low
enum class altitude : char {
high = 'h',
low = 'l', // C++11 allows the extra comma
};
// the constant d is 0, the constant e is 1, the constant f is 3
enum {
d,
e,
f = e + 2
};
// enumeration types (both scoped and unscoped) can have overloaded operators
std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, color c)
{
switch (c) {
case red: os << "red"; break;
case yellow: os << "yellow"; break;
case green: os << "green"; break;
case blue: os << "blue"; break;
default: os.setstate(std::ios_base::failbit);
}
return os;
}
std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, altitude al)
{
return os << static_cast<char>(al);
}
int test_enum1()
{
color col = red;
altitude a;
a = altitude::low;
std::cout << "col = " << col << '\n' // col = red
<< "a = " << a << '\n' // a = 1
<< "f = " << f << '\n'; // f = 3
return 0;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/45-enumerated-types/
enum ItemType
{
ITEMTYPE_SWORD,
ITEMTYPE_TORCH,
ITEMTYPE_POTION
};
std::string getItemName(ItemType itemType)
{
if (itemType == ITEMTYPE_SWORD)
return std::string("Sword");
if (itemType == ITEMTYPE_TORCH)
return std::string("Torch");
if (itemType == ITEMTYPE_POTION)
return std::string("Potion");
}
int test_enum2()
{
// ItemType is the enumerated type we've declared above.
// itemType (lower case i) is the name of the variable we're defining (of type ItemType).
// ITEMTYPE_TORCH is the enumerated value we're initializing variable itemType with.
ItemType itemType(ITEMTYPE_TORCH);
std::cout << "You are carrying a " << getItemName(itemType) << "\n"; // You are carrying a Torch
return 0;
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/C++Enum.html
int test_enum3()
{
enum {
monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday, saturday, sunday
} day;
day = wednesday;
if (day == saturday || day == sunday)
std::cout << "Day is a weekend day" << std::endl;
else if (day == wednesday)
std::cout << "Day is hump day - middle of the work week" << std::endl; // Day is hump day - middle of the work week
return 0;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int test_enum4()
{
typedef enum DAY_{
saturday = 0,
sunday = 0,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} DAY;
DAY day_ = sunday;
if (day_ == 0)
std::cout << "Day is a weekend day" << std::endl; // Day is a weekend day
else if (day_ == wednesday)
std::cout << "Day is hump day - middle of the work week" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Constructors
Day::Day(void) : m_enum(sunday), m_string("Sunday"), m_value(0)
{}
Day::Day(Enum _e) : m_enum(_e), m_string(toString(_e)), m_value(0)
{}
Day::Day(const std::string& _s) : m_enum(fromString(_s)), m_string(_s), m_value(toValue(m_enum))
{}
// Assignment operators
Day& Day::operator= (const Day& _c)
{
m_string = _c.m_string;
m_enum = _c.m_enum;
m_value = _c.m_value;
return *this;
}
Day& Day::operator= (const std::string& _s)
{
m_string = _s;
m_enum = fromString(_s);
m_value = toValue(m_enum);
return *this;
}
Day& Day::operator= (Enum _e)
{
m_enum = _e;
m_string = toString(_e);
m_value = toValue(_e);
return *this;
}
bool Day::operator< (const Day& _c) const
{
return (m_value < _c.m_value);
}
bool Day::operator< (Enum _e) const
{
return (m_value < toValue(_e));
}
bool Day::operator<= (const Day& _c) const
{
return (m_value <= _c.m_value);
}
bool Day::operator<= (Enum _e) const
{
return (m_value <= toValue(_e));
}
bool Day::operator> (const Day& _c) const
{
return (m_value > _c.m_value);
}
bool Day::operator> (Enum _e) const
{
return (m_value > toValue(_e));
}
bool Day::operator>= (const Day& _c) const
{
return (m_value >= _c.m_value);
}
bool Day::operator>= (Enum _e) const
{
return (m_value >= toValue(_e));
}
bool Day::operator== (const Day& _c) const
{
return (m_enum == _c.m_enum);
}
bool Day::operator== (const std::string& _s) const
{
return (m_string == _s);
}
bool Day::operator== (const Enum _e) const
{
return (m_enum == _e);
}
bool Day::operator!= (const Day& _c) const
{
return (m_enum != _c.m_enum);
}
bool Day::operator!= (const std::string& _s) const
{
return (m_string != _s);
}
bool Day::operator!= (const Enum _e) const
{
return (m_enum != _e);
}
Day::Enum Day::fromString(std::string _s)
{
// Case insensitive - make all upper case
transform(_s.begin(), _s.end(), _s.begin(), toupper);
if (_s == "SUNDAY") return sunday;
else if (_s == "MONDAY") return monday;
else if (_s == "TUESDAY") return tuesday;
else if (_s == "WEDNESDAY") return wednesday;
else if (_s == "THURSDAY") return thursday;
else if (_s == "FRIDAY") return friday;
else if (_s == "SATURDAY") return saturday;
throw std::range_error("Not a valid Day value: " + _s);
return InvalidDay;
};
std::string Day::toString(Day::Enum _e)
{
switch (_e) {
case sunday: { return "SUNDAY"; }
case monday: { return "MONDAY"; }
case tuesday: { return "TUESDAY"; }
case wednesday: { return "WEDNESDAY"; }
case thursday: { return "THURSDAY"; }
case friday: { return "FRIDAY"; }
case saturday: { return "SATURDAY"; }
}
return "InvalidDay";
}
int Day::toValue(Day::Enum _e)
{
switch (_e) {
case sunday: { return 0; }
case monday: { return 2; }
case tuesday: { return 3; }
case wednesday: { return 4; }
case thursday: { return 5; }
case friday: { return 6; }
case saturday: { return 7; }
}
return 8; // Invalid
}
int test_enum5()
{
Day day;
day = "Saturday";
if (day == Day::saturday || day == Day::sunday)
std::cout << "Day is a weekend day" << std::endl; // Day is a weekend day
return 0;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int test_enum6()
{
typedef enum {
monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday, saturday, sunday
} Day;
const char *day_str[] = { "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday" };
Day day = saturday;
if (day == saturday || day == sunday)
std::cout << day_str[day] << std::endl; // Saturday
return 0;
}
GitHub：https://github.com/fengbingchun/Messy_Test